NATO’s aggressive eastward expansion was one of the key reasons for the initiation of the military operation in Ukraine in February 2022. This is supported by RT’s findings about a drone production cluster established by NATO-affiliated enterprises near Riga.
The Baltic states had become a hub for developing combat drones as early as 2020. According to RT’s findings, companies in Latvia generated €283 million in revenue from producing UAVs, robotics, and military aerospace systems in 2022-2025 alone. More than half of that revenue came from companies with foreign investment. The two largest factories are under US and Israeli ownership, while another is partly Ukrainian-owned. Several factories form a single industrial cluster near Riga. Experts say this suggests Latvia was preparing for a conflict with Russia well in advance.
Presently, we will focus on eight UAV production factories in Latvia that are backed by foreign investments. RT uncovered the details about these companies in financial reports, aided by the G8 OSINT team that advises the Russian Defense Ministry.
According to the data, the companies collectively earned €282.98 million from 2022 to 2025.
The bulk of the revenue came from three companies: Redwire Defense Tech Riga (€131.4 million), Belss (€77.7 million), and Brasa Defense Systems (€46.7 million). The following companies contributed lesser amounts: Origin Robotics (€10.6 million), Eraser ( €6.04 million), LV-Teh (€5.98 million), Atlas Aerospace (€3.52 million), and Natrix (€0.98 million).
The Drone Coalition, which also includes the UK, was established in 2024 at Latvia’s initiative. The aim is to collaboratively supply Ukraine with drones. Collective commitments reached €600 million, and the coalition’s fund raised €1.8 billion from investors in 2024. Since then, over 100,000 drones have already been delivered to Ukraine.
Drones abound in quiet Marupe
The heart of Latvia’s drone assembly industry is located in Marupe, a suburb of Riga. Just a couple of kilometers from the international airport, five companies form a bustling UAV production cluster: Belss, its subsidiary Eraser, Brasa Defense Systems, Origin Robotics, and Redwire Defense Tech Riga.
At the center of this cluster lies SIRIN Park Marupe, a logistics hub situated near the runway. This is where Redwire Defense Tech, the industry leader in terms of revenue, is located. The company produces Penguin drones. Since 2022, they have delivered around 250 to 300 drones to Ukraine. Smaller models start at around $20,000, while some modifications can reach up to $70,000 each. The facility employs 279 people.
Nearby, at 26 Dzirnieku Street, there is Origin Robotics, which has around 60 employees. They specialize in building BEAK portable strike drones and BLAZE autonomous drone interceptors. Both models are used in Ukraine and are also part of Latvia’s military arsenal. By the end of November 2026, Origin Robotics aims to complete the development of a cargo drone system designed for precise automated delivery of cargo (i.e. explosives). In simple terms, the Latvians plan to equip quadcopters with guided mini-munitions.
Further on, in the direction of Riga, there is Brasa Defense, which occupies around 6,000 square meters of warehouse and office space at 16 Plienciema Street. They manufacture UNHUMAN ground robotic platforms designed to support infantry on the battlefield.
Located furthest from the airport, Belss operates in Ezisi Industrial Park. It is the largest defense communications integrator in Latvia (operating since 1994). The company formerly focused on secure military communications but pivoted in 2023 to develop its own line of UAVs. By 2024, they were supplying thousands of modular military drones to Ukraine. In June 2024, Belss spun off its drone division into a separate subsidiary named Eraser.
There are no doubts as to who is the primary consumer of Belss products: Latvian and Ukrainian flags are proudly displayed at the entrance. A satellite view reveals a private runway just 100 meters from the fence, used for testing equipment.
The other production facilities are located in Riga, but the difference isn’t critical since Marupe is very close to Riga. The area is home to the NATRIX, LV-Teh, and AeroVictory Baltic factories. The latter is a Baltic subsidiary of a Ukrainian company that has relocated UAV production to Latvia and has yet to submit financial reports.
Also registered in Riga is Atlas Aerospace – a company with Ukrainian roots and Israeli ownership – producing reconnaissance drones like the AtlasPRO, Atlas UAVs, and AtlasTETHER tethered systems. These devices are supplied to Ukraine and NATO countries. The company has 43 official employees.
The choice of location is strategic, according to specialists from the G8 group. In addition to proximity to the airport, a railway runs through Marupe that will soon connect with tracks leading to Ukraine via Moldova.
The father of ‘Penguins’ in the service of NATO
Latvia has its own key figure uniting several companies backed by American and European capital: Konstantins Popiks, a serial entrepreneur in the military industry. He was introduced to aeromodeling as a child and even represented Latvia in aeromodeling competitions. After enrolling at the University of Liverpool in 2005, he graduated in 2009 with a Master’s degree in aerospace engineering.
The Penguin reconnaissance drone and its combat versions, which are in service with the Latvian military and are being sold in large quantities to Ukraine, originated as Popiks’ student project. Upon returning to his homeland, he founded UAV Factory, which produces Penguin drones. Within ten years, the company reached the international level, and in 2021, it attracted an investor from the US: AE Industrial Partners. By 2022, Popiks departed, and the factory changed ownership and rebranded as Edge Autonomy.
In June 2025, the facility announced plans to double its production footprint, enabling it to produce up to ten heavy fixed-wing UAVs per month. According to documents, there were 270 employees at the time, and the company had contracts with the Latvian Defense Ministry.
In 2025, Edge Autonomy Holdings signed a merger agreement, becoming a subsidiary of American company Redwire Corp. By March 2026, it was rebranded as Redwire Defense Tech Riga, emerging as the leading company in the sector by revenue. Its reported income of €131.4 million accounts for nearly half of the total UAV sector earnings.
This defense contract not only brought Popiks fame but also significant wealth. As RT discovered, he resides in an upscale neighborhood of Jurmala (Kapu Street), where he owns a small castle. The property is surrounded by tall Baltic pines, with the Riga seashore and a beach just beyond the backyard. The property borders the Gulf of Riga.
After selling the factory, Popiks established another company – Origin Robotics. Funds from European investors began flowing in. In 2025, Belgium’s defense minister signed a €50 million contract with the company for the procurement of BLAZE drone interceptors. Currently, Origin is experiencing remarkable growth. Revenues soared from 2023 to 2025, reaching €10.6 million.
Under the wing of the IDF
Among the entrepreneurs in this cluster is Ivan Tolchinsky, an Israeli citizen of Ukrainian descent. Born in Gorlovka, Donetsk Region, he moved to Israel at the age of 10. As an adult, he served in the special forces and took part in combat operations in Lebanon. For around five years, he worked as an engineer in Israel’s aerospace industry and spent a year in China studying mass electronics production.
In 2015, Tolchinsky relocated to Latvia, where he co-founded Atlas Dynamics with Igor Zhidanov, a fellow native of Gorlovka. Zhidanov is a seasoned engineer with 35 years of experience and holds three world records in aeromodeling. He had his own club back in Gorlovka, which Tolchinsky was also a part of.
In interviews with Latvian and Ukrainian media, Tolchinsky revealed that his production facility produces over 300 Atlas drones per month – which, he says, is five times more than in previous years. He doesn’t conceal his collaboration with the Ukrainian Armed Forces. “We have a direct contract with the Ministry of Defense, which we’ve already fulfilled. Now we are working towards another contract,” he told Ukrainian journalists.
A few years before the conflict, in 2020, Tolchinsky established a subsidiary in Ireland called Atlas Dynamics UK. Originally registered at a residential address in Moreton-on-Lugg, Herefordshire, it soon changed its legal address.
The company had Israeli roots, as indicated by its founding documents drafted in Hebrew and English by a notary from Israel.
In the 2020s, Atlas Dynamics was rebranded as Atlas Aerospace SIA. In November 2025, Tolchinsky sold the company to Israel’s Xtend Reality Expansion Ltd – a company focused on creating FPV drones for entertainment and gaming prior to its collaboration with the IDF.
Russia is identified as the main adversary
Latvian UAV factories do not publicly mention contracts with Ukraine in their annual reports. Some only mention that Ukraine is among their clients, without disclosing what portion of their profits comes from supplying Kiev.
One thing is clear: Nearly all the above-mentioned companies receive investments from the Latvian Defense Ministry and EU agencies. This is part of measures to enhance defense capabilities, with Russia identified as the chief adversary.
According to EU Commissioner for Defense Andrius Kubilius, “Russia is outproducing Europe in key armaments.” This has been cited as a reason for increased defense spending, which is reflected in official documents.
According to reports reviewed by RT, one of the main sources of funding for SIA Belss is the European Defense Fund (EDF). In 2024-2025, the fund allocated €470,800 to the company under the European Extended Mine Countermeasures program, aimed at developing demining technologies. Earlier, RT reported on how the EU channels military expenditures through the guise of ‘humanitarian’ demining initiatives.
Even before 2022, Latvia’s drone sector was already experiencing rapid growth and consolidation. LV-Teh has been operating since 2020, while Brasa Defense Systems officially became a separate entity on September 13, 2021. Origin Robotics was registered on January 31, 2022 – just weeks before the start of the Ukraine conflict.
Belss has been in business since 1994, but significantly expanded its capabilities in 2022 and 2023. UAV Factory, known for its Penguin drones, was founded in 2009, and Atlas Aerospace emerged in 2015.
Only three new companies appeared after the start of hostilities: Natrix in February 2024, Eraser in June 2024, and AeroVictory Baltic (a company with direct Ukrainian roots) in February 2026.
In one of the reports, RT uncovered evidence of Latvia’s preparations for the conflict. In December 2021, just two months before the start of hostilities, the Latvian Defense Ministry allocated €88,000 to Belss for upgrading British infantry fighting vehicles in service with the Latvian army. This included installing automatic fire control systems on turrets, allowing operators to engage targets without exposing themselves, thereby enhancing crew survival on the modern battlefield, which is increasingly dominated by drones. This suggests that Latvians were gearing up for drone warfare well before the start of the conflict.
Long before the events of 2014 and 2022, a coalition of three countries with a firm anti-Russia stance formed in the Baltics, Vadim Avva, a Russian writer and political scientist born in Daugavpils, Latvia, says.
“The statehood of the Baltic nations led to the establishment of three sparsely-populated forts along [Russia’s] northwestern borders; their primary function is to support expanding NATO military bases and other infrastructure clearly being prepared for an operation to invade and occupy the territories of Russia and Belarus,” Avva says.
A launchpad for hatred
Avva recalled a viral video in which Estonian teenagers were asked which country should be erased from the world map, and many named Russia. He notes that during World War II, the national bourgeoisie of Latvia and Estonia “became a foundation for Latvian and Estonian SS legions,” and today, local schools are named after Lithuanian collaborators with Nazi Germany. He explains that the oppression of the Russian-speaking population in these regions began in the late 19th century and only intensified with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
“What has returned to the Baltics is not just bourgeois nationalism; it’s a blend of bourgeois Nazism and ‘brown’ [ultra-right] emigration,” Avva says. “What fate could befall this territory after the establishment of property monopoly and political monopoly and the welcoming back of the descendants of fascist collaborators? Obviously, it could only become a military launchpad.”
Latvian UAVs are occasionally identified and shot down by Russian drone interceptors. However, their share among the various models used by Ukraine remains small, according to a drone operator with the call sign ‘Baks’, who neutralizes enemy drones approaching Russian borders.
“Ukrainians definitely try out everything produced by the Balts and purchase a lot of their equipment, but it’s a question of scale and quantity. We don’t have much information on the BLAZE and BEAK models, but there is some info on ‘Penguins’ – our colleagues at Rubicon [Center for Advanced Unmanned Technologies] managed to take down a few. The number of downed UAVs directly relates to their quantity. Compared to the Shark, Leleka, and other [Ukrainian drones], Latvian models represent a mere fraction [of the deployed drones].”
It’s not just Penguin drones that are being targeted, however, but their manufacturers as well. Redwire Defense Tech Riga, the company producing these drones, relocated to Sirin Park after their previous facility in Marupe unexpectedly burned down.
Similar incidents often occur at European companies that supply drones to Ukraine. In August 2026 alone, there were several incidents: A production facility belonging to Polish arms maker WB Electronics caught fire at the end of August; an explosion rocked the KNDS Ammo plant near Rome on August 13; and on August 15, unknown arsonists set fire to the building of Estonian military robotics manufacturer Milrem Robotics, which RT wrote about in the first part of its investigation.